Monday 10 June 2013

A Swahili Gloss

A text taken from the Swahili article on Kenyan History. I've included some of the noun classes in the gloss, although not for every word, but this can show you how the agreements work. Note that I didn't include some plurals in the literal gloss since these are covered by different noun classes in Swahili (e.g. NC2 is the plural of NC1 and NC4 that of NC3, etc.)

[c] - connector (sometimes 'of', sometimes non-translatable - agrees with proceeding noun) 
NC - noun class
PS - past simple
Ob. - object (as infix in a verb)

Wafanyibiashara Waarabu walianza             kwenda pwani ya kenya mara kwa 
trade-doer(NC2)     Arabs      begin-PS-3pl(NC2)  go-INF   coast   [c] Kenya  time   for    
mara karne  ya 1 B K.
time  century [c] 1 BC.
Arab traders began going to the Kenyan coast every so often during the 1st century BC.


Kenya        ilikuwa      karibu na Peninsula ya Arabia na  hii          ilialika          
Kenya(NC9) be-PS-NC9 near     to  Peninsular  [c] Arabia  and this-NC9 invite-PS-NC9 
ukoloni.
colonisation(NC13).
Kenya was near to the Arabian Peninsular and this attracted (invited) colonisation.


Makazi             ya Waarabu na  Waajemi yaliongezeka                kandokando 

settlement(NC8) [c] Arabs      and Persians   increase-PS/stative-NC8 along-along    
ya pwani kufikia                     karne  ya 8.
[c] coast   arrive-applicative-INF century [c] 8.
Arab and Persian settlements increased all along the coast up until the 8th century.


Kiswahili, lugha             ya Afrika pamoja      na  maneno  mengi  
Swahili      language(NC9) [c] Africa  one-place    with word(NC8) many  
yaliyokopwa                        kutoka Kiarabu,    iliendelea          kuwa  
loan-passive-relative-PS-NC8  from    Arabic(NC3) continue-PS-NC9 be-INF
kama lingua franca kwa sababu         za kibiashara kati        ya watu          tofauti.
like    'lingua franca'  for    reason(NC10) [c] commercial between [c] person(NC2) different.
Swahili, an African language (together) with many words which were loaned from Arabic, continued to be like a lingua franca for commercial reasons between different people.


Utamalaki             wa Waarabu katika eneo la pwani ulipitwa 
Possessions(NC13) [c]  Arabs      in         area  [c] coast   pass-passive-PS-NC13
karne  ya 16 na Wareno              ambao       utawala         wao  
century [c] 16 to  Portuguese(NC2) relative-NC2 control(NC13) possessive-NC13>NC2
pia  ulimpa                        njia   Omani     mwaka wa 1698.
also give-PS-NC13-Ob.:NC1 route (to-*)Oman year      [c]  1698.
*proper nouns don't take prepositions in Swahili
Arab possessions in the coastal area were passed, in the 16th century, to the Portuguese whose control also gave them (lit. him/her) a route to Oman in the year 1698.


Uingereza       ulianzisha                       mvuto            wake 
Enland(NC9/13) begin-causative-PS-NC13 influence(NC5) possesive-NC5>NC1
karne   ya 19.
century [c] 19.
England established its influence in the 19th century.

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